Both healthy and cancerous cells of the prostate gland produce the protein known as PSA, which is particular to the prostate. The PSA test quantifies the PSA concentration in the blood. As part of this procedure, a blood sample is submitted to a lab for analysis. PSA levels in the blood are often expressed as nanograms (ng/mL) of PSA.

A protective structure known as a telomere is located at the ends of our chromosomes. By preventing DNA damage or chromosome fusion, these molecules protect our chromosomes.
DNA repeats form telomeres, which are linked by a protein called shelterin. It is often helpful to imagine them as aglets on a shoelace, which prevent the ends from fraying.
We all experience a shortening of our telomeres as we age. A shortening process can be accelerated in some individuals, or some cases, the length is abnormally short.